MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
FOREWORD
Dear Customer,
Welcome to the team of MULTICOM PRO users and thank you very much for expressing your confidence in
BEHRINGER products by purchasing this unit.
It is one of my most pleasant tasks to write this letter to you, because it is the culmination of many months of
hard work delivered by our engineering team to reach a very ambitious goal: making an outstanding device
better still. The MULTICOM has for quite a long time been a standard tool used by numerous studios and
PA rental companies. The task to improve one of our best-selling products certainly meant a great deal of
responsibility, which we assumed by focusing on you, the discerning user and musician. It also meant a lot of
work and night shifts to accomplish this goal. But it was fun, too. Developing a product usually brings a lot of
people together, and what a great feeling it is when everybody who participated in such a project can be proud
of what we’ve achieved.
It is our philosophy to share our joy with you, because you are the most important member of the BEHRINGER
family. With your highly competent suggestions for new products you’ve greatly contributed to shaping our
company and making it successful. In return, we guarantee you uncompromising quality (manufactured under
the ISO9000 certified management system) as well as excellent technical and audio properties at an
extremely favorable price. All of this will enable you to fully unfold your creativity without being hampered by
budget constraints.
We are often asked how we can make it to produce such high-grade devices at such unbelievably low prices.
The answer is quite simple: it’s you, our customers! Many satisfied customers means large sales volumes
enabling us to get better conditions of purchase for components, etc. Isn’t it only fair to pass this benefit back
to you? Because we know that your success is our success, too!
I would like to thank all people whose help on “Project MULTICOM PRO” has made it all possible. Everybody
has made very personal contributions, starting from the designers of the unit via the many staff members in our
company to you, the user of BEHRINGER products.
My friends, it’s been worth the trouble!
Thank you very much,
Uli Behringer
3
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
®
MULTICOM PRO
Interactive 4-channel compressor/limiter/peak limiter of the reference class
s
IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) compressor concept combines the advantages of “hard knee” and
“soft knee” characteristics
s
Switchable highpass filter in control signal path avoids low-frequency signals from dominating compressor
action
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
4
Compression characteristics switchable between IKA and “hard knee” characteristics
IGC (Interactive Gain Control) peak limiter combines clipper with program limiter circuits
Extremely low-noise operational amplifiers and high-grade VCA’s
High-quality detent potentiometers and backlit switches
Stereo Couple function for channels 1/2 and 3/4 selectable with real totaling of RMS output
Accurate 8-digit LED meters for input level, output level and gain reduction
Operating level switchable from +4 dBu to -10 dBV
Servo-balanced inputs and outputs featuring 1/4" jacks and XLR connectors
Manufactured under ISO9000 certified management system
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................6
1.1 Technical Background ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Noise As A Physical Phenomenon ........................................................................................ 7
1.1.2 WhatAre Audio Dynamics? .................................................................................................. 7
1.1.3 Compressors/Limiters ........................................................................................................... 9
2. THE DESIGN CONCEPT .....................................................................................................10
2.1 High Quality ComponentsAnd Design........................................................................................... 10
2.2 InputsAnd Outputs ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Balanced InputsAnd Outputs.............................................................................................. 10
3. INSTALLATION ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Rack Mounting............................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Mains Voltage ................................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Audio Connections ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Selecting The Operating Level ....................................................................................................... 12
4. CONTROLS ..........................................................................................................................13
4.1 The Front Panel Control Elements ................................................................................................ 13
4.4 Rear Panel Control Elements Of The MULTICOM PRO ................................................................. 15
5. APPLICATIONS .....................................................................................................................16
5.1 Compression/Leveling/Limiting/Clipping ......................................................................................... 16
5.2 Compressor Section ..................................................................................................................... 17
5.2.1 Initial Settings For The Compressor Section ....................................................................... 18
5.2.2 The MULTICOM PROAsASound Effects Unit .................................................................... 18
5.2.3 The “Muffling” Effect OfACompressor ................................................................................. 18
5.3 Peak Limiter Section..................................................................................................................... 19
5.3.1 Initial Settings For The Peak Limiter Section....................................................................... 19
6. SPECIALAPPLICATIONS.....................................................................................................20
6.1 Using The MULTICOM PRO For RecordingAnd Cassette Duplication ........................................... 20
6.1.1 The MULTICOM PRO In Digital RecordingAnd Sampling .................................................... 20
6.1.2 The MULTICOM PRO In Mastering ...................................................................................... 20
6.2 The MULTICOM PRO as a protective device .................................................................................. 20
6.2.1 Protection OfA System With APassive Crossover .............................................................. 21
6.2.2 Protection OfASystem WithAn Active Crossover............................................................... 21
6.2.3 Improving The Sound OfAProcessor System ..................................................................... 21
6.3 The MULTICOM PRO In Broadcast ............................................................................................... 22
7. SPECIFICATIONS..................................................................................................................23
8. WARRANTY ...........................................................................................................................25
5
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
1. INTRODUCTION
In purchasing the MULTICOM PRO, you have acquired an extremely efficient and universal dynamics
processor. The unit was particularly designed for those applications most frequently used in practice. Despite
the extremely complex internal circuitry, the unit has a control surface which is clearly laid out and easy to
understand. With the MULTICOM PRO, BEHRINGER have developed an innovative and easy-to-use dynamics
processor which meets the high demands that are made on such a device both in live and studio applications.
The unit’s most outstanding features are the precision and flexibility of its functions.
Quad compressor/limiters are actually not a new invention. Usually, four simple compressor sections are
packed into one enclosure, representing however a compromise in terms of operation and functionality. An
excessive number of controls complicates the operation of the unit and a lack of control functions restricts the
unit’s range of application.
The BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO is a compact quad compressor/limiter based on the successful BEHRINGER
Interactive Technology. Integrated AUTO processors automatically derive attack and release times from the
programme material and provide you with transparent and “inaudible” compression. In 1 RU package the unit
consists of four independent high-precision compressor sections with sidechain filters and four peak limiters,
each offering all the required controls.
With rack space at a premium both in the studio and in sound reinforcement, the MULTICOM PRO’s unique
high density design and clean uncluttered layout makes it a truly useful audio tool for all applications. The
MULTICOM PRO is a perfect and extremely cost-effective solution for all your multi-channel dynamic
applications.
Advanced BEHRINGER Technology
Compared to its predecessors, the MULTICOM PRO offers several advanced features such as the extended
LED meters, the sidechain filter, the controlable peak limiter per channel and the couple function for two
channels. Additionally, we have succeeded in refining the audio properties as well as the circuit topology.
For the first time, the MULTICOM PRO MDX 4400 uses SMD technology (Surface Mounted Device). These
sub-miniature components known from aerospace technology allow for an extreme packing density, plus
improve the unit’s reliability.
IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) Compressor
Our proven IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) circuit successfully combines the concept of a “hard knee”
compressor with the characteristics of a “soft knee” approach. This program-dependent regulation scheme
forms the prerequisite both for “inaudible” and musical program compression and for creative and highly
effective dynamics processing.
With its IKA circuit the MULTICOM PRO is capable of delivering outstanding musical results both in studio and
live PA applications.
Additionally, the MULTICOM PRO’s sidechain filter allows for limiting the influence low-frequency signal
portions usually have on the control logic, so that the compression ratio is mainly determined by those
frequencies that are essential to the loudness perceived by the listener—the midrange frequencies.
AUTO COMPRESSOR Circuitry
The response of a compressor and the quality of dynamics processing largely depend on the control times,
i.e., the attack and release functions. In particular, in the field of “musical” compression of complex composite
signals, programme-dependent control times are necessary. The interactive AUTO processor derives the
attack and release times automatically from the programme material, a function that avoids misadjustment of
the control times, which is a problem often encountered in conventional designs. In addition the AUTO
processor allows for a high compression of the dynamic range without any audible side effects, such as
“pumping”, “breathing” etc.
IGC (Interactive Gain Control) Peak Limiter
A further remarkable feature of the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO is the IGC (Interactive Gain Control) Limiter,
an intelligent combination of a clipper and a program limiter. Above an adjustable threshold the peak limiter
begins to function and restricts signal peaks radically (clipper). If however, the threshold of the limiter was
surpassed for more than a few milliseconds, the IGC circuit automatically kicks in and reduces the level of the
6
1. INTRODUCTION
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
overall output signal so that no audible distortion occurs (program limiter). After the level falls below the thresh-
old, the signal returns to the original value after a period of about 1 second. This IGC circuit proves to be
extremely valuable as much for live work (loudspeaker protection) as for digital situations, where any extreme
signal peaks would exceed the maximum headroom and therefore would cause severe problems.
+
The following instructions should initially familiarize you with the special terms used, so that
you can get to know all the functions of the unit. After you have read the instructions carefully,
please put them away safely, so that you can refer to them again if necessary.
1.1 Technical Background
By employing current modern analogue technology it is possible to manufacture audio equipment with a
dynamic range of up to 125 dB. In contrast to analogue techniques, the dynamic range of digital equipment is
approximately 25 dB less. With conventional record and tape recorder technology, as well as broadcasting,
this value is further reduced. Generally, dynamic restrictions are due to noisy storage in transmission media
and also the maximum headroom of these systems.
1.1.1 Noise As A Physical Phenomenon
All electrical components produce a certain level of inherent noise. Current flowing through a conductor leads
to uncontrolled random electron movements. For statistical reasons, this produces frequencies within the
whole audio spectrum. If these currents are highly amplified, the result will be perceived as noise. Since all
frequencies are equally affected, we term this white noise. It is fairly obvious that electronics cannot function
without components. Even if special low-noise components are used, a certain degree of basic noise cannot
be avoided.
This effect is similar when replaying a tape. The non-directional magnetic particles passing the replay head can
also cause uncontrolled currents and voltages. The resulting sound of the various frequencies is heard as
noise. Even the best possible tape biasing can “only” provide signal-to-noise ratios of about 70 dB, which is not
acceptable today since the demands of listeners have increased. Due to the laws of physics, improving the
design of the magnetic carrier is impossible using conventional means.
1.1.2 What Are Audio Dynamics?
A remarkable feature of the human ear is that it can detect the most wide ranging amplitude changes—from the
slightest whisper to the deafening roar of a jet-plane. If one tried to record or reproduce this wide spectrum of
sound with the help of amplifiers, cassette recorders, records or even digital recorders (CD, DAT etc.), one
would immediately be restricted by the physical limitations of electronic and acoustic sound reproduction
technology.
The usable dynamic range of electro-acoustic equipment is limited as much at the low end as at the high end.
The thermal noise of the electrons in the components results in an audible basic noise floor and thus repre-
sents the bottom limit of the transmission range. The upper limit is determined by the levels of the internal
operating voltages; if they are exceeded, audible signal distortion is the result. Although in theory, the usable
dynamic range sits between these two limits, it is considerably smaller in practice, since a certain reserve
must be maintained to avoid distortion of the audio signal if sudden level peaks occur. Technically speaking,
we refer to this reserve as “headroom”—usually this is about 10 - 20 dB. A reduction of the operating level would
allow for greater headroom, i.e. the risk of signal distortion due to level peaks would be reduced. However, at
the same time, the basic noise floor of the program material would be increased considerably.
1. INTRODUCTION
7
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
P/dB
140
120
100
80
60
40
Fig. 1.1: The dynamic range capabilities of various devices
It is therefore useful to keep the operating level as high as possible without risking signal distortion in order to
achieve optimum transmission quality.
It is possible to further improve the transmission quality by constantly monitoring the program material with the
aid of a volume fader, which manually levels the material. During low passages the gain is increased, during
loud passages the gain is reduced. Of course it is fairly obvious that this kind of manual control is rather
restrictive; it is difficult to detect signal peaks and it is almost impossible to level them out. Manual control is
simply not fast enough to be satisfactory.
P/dB
Clipping
+20
Headroom
0
Operating level
-20
-40
Effective SNR
-60
-80
Noise floor
t
Fig. 1.2: The interactive relationship between the operating level and the headroom
The need therefore arises for a fast acting automatic gain control system which will constantly monitor the
signals and which will always adjust the gain to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio without incurring signal
distortion. This device is called a compressor or limiter. This system is a part of the BEHRINGER MULTICOM
PRO.
8
1. INTRODUCTION
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
1.1.3 Compressors/Limiters
By measuring the dynamic range of musical instruments in live recording situations, you will find that extreme
amplitudes occur which often lead to overload in subsequent signal processing equipment. Especially in
broadcasting and record cutting techniques, these signal peaks can lead to heavy distortion. To avoid this kind
of distortion or, for example, to avoid loudspeakers being damaged by overload, compressors or limiters are
used.
The principal function used in these devices is dependent on an automatic gain control as mentioned in the
previous section, which reduces the amplitude of loud passages and therefore restricts the original dynamics
to a desired range. This application is particularly useful in microphone recording techniques, to compensate
for level changes which are caused by varying microphone distances. Although compressors and limiters
perform similar tasks, one essential point makes them different: limiters abruptly limit the signal above a
certain level, while compressors control the signal “gently” over a wider range. A limiter continuously monitors
the signal and intervenes as soon as the level exceeds a user-adjustable threshold. Any signal exceeding this
threshold will be immediately returned to the adjusted level.
A compressor also monitors the program material continuously and has a certain threshold level. With com-
pression, in contrast to the action of a limiter, signals are not reduced in level abruptly once the threshold has
been exceeded, but are returned to the threshold gradually. The signal is reduced in gain, relative to the
amount the signal exceeds this point.
Generally, threshold levels for compressors are set below the normal operating level to allow for the upper
dynamics to be musically compressed. For limiters, the threshold point is set above the normal operating level
in order to provide reliable signal limiting, to protect subsequent equipment from signal overload.
1. INTRODUCTION
9
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
2. THE DESIGN CONCEPT
2.1 High Quality Components And Design
The philosophy behind BEHRINGER products guarantees a no-compromise circuit design and employs the
best choice of components. The operational amplifiers NJM4580 which are used in the MULTICOM PRO, are
exceptional. They boast extreme linearity and very low distortion characteristics. The most important aspect of
the MULTICOM PRO design is a radical VCA implementation which results in outstanding technical specifica-
tion and excellent performance. To complement this design the choice of components includes high tolerance
resistors and capacitors, detent potentiometers and several other stringently selected elements.
For the first time, the MULTICOM PRO MDX 4400 uses SMD technology (Surface Mounted Device). These
sub-miniature components known from aerospace technology allow for an extreme packing density, plus the
unit’s reliability could be improved. Additionally, the unit is manufactured under ISO9000 certified management
system.
2.2 Inputs And Outputs
2.2.1 Balanced Inputs And Outputs
As standard, the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO is installed with electronically servo-balanced inputs and
outputs. The new circuit design features automatic hum and noise reduction for balanced signals and thus
allows for trouble-free operation, even at high operating levels. Externally induced mains hum etc. will be
effectively suppressed. The automatic servo-function recognizes the presence of unbalanced connectors and
adjusts the nominal level internally to avoid level differences between the input and output signals (correction 6
dB).
10
2. THE DESIGN CONCEPT
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
3. INSTALLATION
Your BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO was carefully packed in the factory and the packaging was designed to
protect the unit from rough handling. Nevertheless, we recommend that you carefully examine the packaging
and ist contents for any signs of physical damage, which may have occurred in transit.
Please also take the time to complete and return the warranty card within 14 days of the date of purchase,
otherwise you will lose the right to the extended warranty. Or simply use our online registration under
+
If the unit is damaged, please do not return it to us, but notify your dealer and the shipping
company immediately, otherwise claims for damage or replacement may not be granted.
Shipping claims must be made by the consignee.
3.1 Rack Mounting
The BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO fits into one standard 19" rack unit of space (1 3/4"). Please allow at least
an additional 4" depth for the connectors on the back panel. Be sure that there is enough air space around the
unit for cooling and please do not place the MULTICOM PRO on high temperature devices such as power
amplifiers etc. to avoid overheating.
3.2 Mains Voltage
Before you connect your MULTICOM PRO to the mains, please make sure that your local voltage
matches the voltage required by the unit! The fuse holder on the female mains connector has 3 triangular
markers, with two of these triangles opposing each other. Your MULTICOM PRO is set to the operating voltage
printed next to these markers, and can be set to another voltage by turning the fuse holder by 180°. CAUTION:
this instruction does not apply to export models exclusively designed, e.g. for 115 V operation!
3.3 Audio Connections
The audio inputs and outputs on the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO are fully balanced. If possible, connect the
unit to other devices in a balanced configuration to allow for maximum interference immunity.
+
Please ensure that only qualified persons install and operate the VIRTUALIZER. During instal-
lation and operation the user must have sufficient electrical contact to earth. Electrostatic
charges might affect the operation of the MULTICOM PRO!
Output
Cable
Input
Ground
Positive
Negative
Pin 1
2
1
1
2
Shield
(+) Signal + Hum
(-) Signal + Hum
Pin 2 = (+) Signal
Pin 3 = (-) Signal
(+)Hum + Signal
(-)Hum + Signal
3
3
2 x Signal
= Signal + 6 dB
RFI and Hum
Fig. 3.1: Compensation of interference with balanced connections
3. INSTALLATION
11
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
Unbalanced use of
Balanced use of
mono 1/4" jack plugs
stereo 1/4" jack plugs
Tip =
Signal
Tip =
hot (+ve)
Ring =
cold (-ve)
Sleeve =
Ground / Shield
Sleeve =
Ground / Shield
Tip
Tip
Ring
Sleeve
Sleeve
Strain relief clamp
Strain relief clamp
For connection of balanced and
unbalanced plugs, ring and sleeve have
to be bridged at the stereo plug.
Balanced use with XLR connectors
2
1
1
2
1 = Ground / Shield
2 = hot (+ve)
3 = cold (-ve)
3
3
Input
Output
For unbalanced use pin 1 and pin 3 have to be bridged
Fig. 3.2: Different plug types
+
Never use unbalanced XLR connections with microphone cables, as this would short-circuit
any phantom power transmitted over these cables!
3.4 Selecting The Operating Level
With the “Operating Level” switch on the rear of the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO you can adjust the internal
operating level of the unit. Thus, the MULTICOM PRO can be adapted perfectly to various levels (e.g. both the
typical home recording level of -10 dBV and the professional level of +4 dBu). The level meters are referenced
automatically to the selected level, i.e. an optimum operating range of the meters will always be ensured.
12
3. INSTALLATION
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
4. CONTROLS
Fig. 4.1: MULTICOM PRO front panel
The BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO has four identical channels. Each channel is equipped with 4 backlit push-
buttons, 4 rotary controls and 17 LED’s. The COUPLE switches are for stereo operation of two channels.
4.1 The Front Panel Control Elements
11
8
10
7
1
6
2
5
3
4
9
Fig. 4.2: Control elements on the front panel
1
2
The THRESHOLD control sets the threshold point for the compressor section. It has a range of -40 to
+20 dB. If the channel is switched to INTERACTIVE mode (Interactive Knee Adaptation), a “Soft Knee”
characteristic is applied to the signal exceeding the threshold point by a maximum of 10 dB. Above 10
dB, the signal would experience “Hard Knee” compression.
The RATIO control determines the ratio between the input and output level for all signals exceeding the
threshold point. If the INTERACTIVE mode is used, this control determines the ratio between input and
output levels for signals exceeding the threshold point by more than 10 dB. The control range can be
adjusted from 1:1 to oo:1.
3
The OUTPUT control allows for the increase or decrease of the output signal by a maximum of 20 dB.
Thus, a level loss due to the compression or limiting process can be compensated for.
+
Please note when using the THRESHOLD control of the Peak Limiter section, that the OUTPUT
control of the Compressor section precedes the Peak Limiter section. If the OUTPUT control is
set too high, this can result in continuous peak limiting (see item 9 “THRESHOLD control”).
4
The IN/OUT switch activates the corresponding channel. This switch acts as a so-called “hard-bypass”
switch, which means that when the switch is OUT, the input jack is directly linked to the output jack.
Normally, this switch is used to perform a direct A/B comparison between the unprocessed and the
compressed or limited signals.
5
6
Press the INTERACTIVE switch to change from “Hard Knee” to IKA characteristics. IKA provides a very
subtle and musical compression of the program material and should therefore be used whenever
compression should be more or less inaudible.
The SC FILTER switch activates a highpass filter in the sidechain path and thus limits the influence of
low frequencies on the MULTICOM PRO’s control processes.
4. CONTROLS
13
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
7
8
The 8-digit GAIN REDUCTION meter indicates how effectively the gain is reduced by the compressor,
within a range from 1 to 30 dB.
The 8-digit INPUT/OUTPUT LEVEL meter informs you—depending on the setting of the I/O METER
switch—about the current input or output level, within a range from -24 to +18 dB. When the switch is
set to IN (not engaged), the meter reads the input level, when it is OUT, the output level is displayed. The
meter is referenced to the operating level (-10 dBV or +4 dBu) adjusted with the OPERATING LEVEL
switch on the back.
9
The peak limiter limits the signal to a level adjusted with the THRESHOLD control. Owing to its
extremely fast response (“Zero” attack), the limiter is capable of limiting signal peaks without audible
distortion. Whenever the signal is limited for more than 20 ms, the overall level is reduced for about 1
second to avoid heavy and thus audible signal distortion.
+
When you use the peak limiter as a protective device against signal peaks, the THRESHOLD
control should be set in combination with the OUTPUT control in the compressor section so
that the peak limiter responds rarely or not at all. Thus, only real signal peaks will activate the
limiter circuit. However, to produce creative sound effects, the peak limiter can be
deliberately set to lower levels.
10
11
The LIM LED lights up as soon as the limiter function is activated.
The MULTICOM PRO converts two channels to stereo mode by engaging one of the COUPLE switches,
where the left of the channels assumes the control of both audio channels, i.e. the control signal of
channel 2 is replaced with that of channel 1. By pressing the COUPLE switch, you override all the
controls and switches of channel 2 (or 4) with the exception of the IN/OUT and SC Filter switches as well
as the peak limiter’s THRESHOLD control. The controls of channel 1 (or 3) take over all functions of
channel 2 (or 4).
14
4. CONTROLS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
4.4 Rear Panel Control Elements Of The MULTICOM PRO
12
16
13
15
Fig. 4.5: Control elements of the rear panel
14
12
FUSE HOLDER / VOLTAGE SELECTOR. Please make sure that your local voltage matches the volt-
age indicated on the unit, before you attempt to connect and operate the MULTICOM PRO. Blown fuses
may only be replaced by fuses of the same type and rating.
13
14
15
16
MAINS CONNECTION. Use the enclosed power cord to connect the unit to the mains. Please also note
the instructions given in the “INSTALLATION” chapter.
AUDIO IN. These are the audio inputs of your MULTICOM PRO, available both as balanced 1/4" jack
and XLR connectors.
AUDIO OUT. These are the audio outputs of your MULTICOM PRO. Matching phone jack and XLR
connectors are wired in parallel.
With the OPERATING LEVEL switch you can adapt the MULTICOM PRO to various operating levels,
i.e. you can select both the -10 dBV home recording level and the professional studio level of +4 dBu.
The level meters are referenced automatically to the selected level, i.e. an optimum operating range of
the meters will always be ensured.
4. CONTROLS
15
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
5. APPLICATIONS
In this section, several typical applications of the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO are discussed. The following
basic settings can resolve most dynamic problems. They are the ideal starting point. Please take the time to
study the application examples carefully, in order to be able to make full use of the MULTICOM PROs capabili-
ties in the future.
Main Applications And Initial Settings
The main applications of the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO can be divided into two categories: The compressor
section is used to compress the program material and to create special effects and unusual sounds, which are
used for recording and musical performance. The subsequent Peak Limiter section is designed to protect
loudspeakers, tape recorders, transmitters etc. from being overloaded.
5.1 Compression/Leveling/Limiting/Clipping
Now that the functions of the individual sections have been clearly explained, we would like to acquaint you
with more terms and relationships of the dynamics process.
Compression
A compressor converts a large dynamic level into a restricted range. The extent of the resulting dynamic level
is dependent on the threshold, attack, release and ratio settings. As it is the desired effect of a compressor to
increase a low level signal, generally the threshold is set low. The “inaudible” compression mode requires fast
attack and release times and low ratios. The faster the chosen control times and the higher the compression
ratio, the greater the effect on the short term dynamics. This fact is often used to achieve audible and creative
sound effects.
Leveling
The leveling mode is used to keep output level constant, i.e. to compensate for long term gain changes, without
affecting the short term dynamics. Normally, the threshold is set quite low in order to be able to increase low
level signals. Leveling requires slow attack and release times, combined with a high ratio. Because of the very
slow response time, leveling has no effect on signal peaks or short term changes in average level.
Limiting
The limiting function requires a fast attack time and a high ratio and release time setting, which is dependent
on the specific use and the desired sound effect. As it is usually the task of a limiter to limit only high signal
peaks, the threshold is usually set at a high level. The dynamics are reduced dependent on the ratio setting
and the degree by which the threshold point was exceeded. If the attack time is adjusted to control only the
average level without affecting signal peaks above the threshold, this is referred to as the program limiter. For
this purpose the attack time will be set above 20 ms. If the attack time is further reduced in order to also control
signal peaks, this is defined as the peak limiter.
Clipping
In contrast to the two previously mentioned limiters, the clipping mode features infinitely fast control times, an
infinite compression ratio and creates an unsurpassable barrier (“brickwall”) for all signals above a certain level.
To be able to control the signal peaks, the clipping function radically cuts signals above the threshold, without
affecting the amplitude of the original signal. If used in normal applications, this function remains inaudible and
under certain circumstances it can even lead to an improved sound, because cutting the transients creates
artificial harmonics. If misused, clipping can cause very obvious and distasteful distortion, which in an extreme
manner, will convert the signal’s waveform into a square wave signal. This effect is often produced in guitar
distortion devices (“fuzz boxes”).
16
5. APPLICATIONS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
5.2 Compressor Section
The task of a compressor is to reduce the dynamic range of program material and to control the overall level.
The extensive controls of the Compressor section, provide a great range of dynamic effects: from musical and
soft compression to limiting signal peaks, right up to extreme and effective compression of the overall
dynamics. For example, a low ratio and very low threshold setting can be used to achieve soft and musical
processing of the general dynamics of the program material.
Higher ratios, together with low threshold settings, create relatively constant volume (leveling) for instruments
and vocals. High threshold levels generally limit the overall level of a program. Ratios greater than 6:1 effectively
prevent the output level from significantly exceeding the threshold point (provided that the OUTPUT control is in
the 0 dB position).
Please note that the compression of the entire program material (achieved by low threshold settings) sounds
less natural with higher ratio settings. Ratio settings in the range of 4:1 and lower, effect the dynamics of the
program material less and are often used to compress the sound of a bass guitar, a snare drum or a vocal.
Sensitive and moderate settings are generally used in mixing and for leveling of program material in broadcast.
Output
Gain 0 dB
Threshold
Ratio 2:1
Hard Knee
Ratio 4:1
Limiter
oo:1
IKA Curve
Input
Fig. 5.1: IKA characteristic of the compressor section
The new IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) circuit prevents aggressive compression, created by high ratios,
from sounding too unnatural. This is achieved with an interactive control function, which begins above the
threshold level and introduces a “Soft Knee” curve characteristic in the range up to 10 dB above the threshold
point. Beyond this range, the signal is subjected to linear (“Hard Knee”) compression.
+
With the threshold control completely turned to the right, the threshold value is +20 dB. Since
such a value will not be reached in practice, you can use it to disable the compressor section
and work exclusively with the limiter circuits.
5. APPLICATIONS
17
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
5.2.1 Initial Settings For The Compressor Section
Control
Setting
IN
IN/OUT switch
INTERACTIVE switch
SC FILTER switch
THRESHOLD control
RATIO control
IN
OUT
+20 dB
3:1
OUTPUT control
0 dB
Tab. 5.1: Initial settings for the compressor section
Rotate the THRESHOLD control counterclockwise until an appropriate amount of gain reduction is indicated on
the GAIN REDUCTION meter. This operation will be accompanied by an audible drop in output level. The
OUTPUT control should now be turned clockwise to reinstate the output level. The level of the unprocessed and
the processed signal can be compared by pressing the I/O METER switch and observing the INPUT/OUTPUT
LEVEL meter.
Final adjustments of the RATIO control can then be made to suit your particular requirements. The experi-
enced user will be in a position to specify parameters while in bypass mode and thus realize the effect before
the unit is actually switched into operation. This is important in live situations, where a signal needs to be
managed efficiently by the engineer, without the convenience of continual A/B comparison.
5.2.2 The MULTICOM PRO As A Sound Effects Unit
In the early 1960’s, musicians began looking at the recording process as a way to create new sounds. The
pumping effect which had been avoided by earlier engineers suddenly became fashionable and was utilized as
a creative tool, laying the groundwork for many of the sounds which are now considered indispensable in
contemporary music. The compressor is used in this role because you can hear it working, and control of the
dynamic range is of secondary importance.
The BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO, with its extensive range of functions, is well suited to this application.
Sound effects of this kind can be achieved using “extreme” settings. To achieve this, set the THRESHOLD
control to a fairly low level, the RATIO control to almost maximum to obtain the desired effect. Experiment with
all the controls in order to get a feel of their function!
5.2.3 The “Muffling” Effect Of A Compressor
Quite often, compressors are sometimes accused of “muffling” the sound, whilst at the same time reducing the
dynamics. This fact should be investigated further. Bass frequencies contain most of the energy within music
and therefore cause the compressor to reduce the overall dynamics. If the music also contains high frequen-
cies along with the bass frequencies, these are also reduced in level. This is the reason why: in an extremely
compressed recording of drums, the cymbals and high-hats are acoustically swamped by the sound of the
snare or the bass drum. The same effect is experienced when processing reverberated or ambient sounds. The
solution commonly used to this basic problem is either to reduce the compression ratio or to slow down the
attack time, so that the increasing high frequency transients pass through the compressor unhindered before
the compressor takes effect.
The MULTICOM PRO MDX4400 offers a solution to this problem that is by much more elegant. The SC Filter
switch allows you to activate a highpass filter in the control signal path of the compressor. This filter makes
sure that midrange and treble range frequencies are taken into account to a greater extent, and that a low-
frequency signal triggers less compression than a midrange/treble signal of comparable level. A major advan-
tage of this design can be seen in the fact that the frequency response of the overall signal is not modified
below the threshold adjusted with the Threshold control.
18
5. APPLICATIONS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
In pop music the dynamics of both kick drum and bass guitar are usually processed individually. The sidechain
filter is therefore ideally suited to apply overall compression in the mixdown, to compress the music while
increasing its loudness, but without having to accept the drawbacks described above.
Please note that we offer a whole series of high-grade equalizers and enhancers/exciters, which are perfect
tools to give any dynamics-processed signal the finishing acoustic touch. Please ask for detailed information!
5.3Peak Limiter Section
As a section of its own and independent of the remaining control functions, the peak limiter enables you to limit
the maximum peak level on the MULTICOM PRO’s output. It has been designed for use in combination with the
compressor section. Independently of all compressor functions, you can protect subsequent devices against
signal peaks, short-time overload and excess modulation (radio stations, etc.).
Peak Limiting
Level
Program Limiting
Input
Release
Threshold
Output
5 ms
20
approx. 1 s
20 ms
10
30
t/ms
Fig. 5.3: IGC characteristic of the limiter section
The diagram illustrates the functioning of the IGC limiter. The solid graph represents the output signal, while the
dashed graph above shows the input signal response. The areas between the graphs represent the amount of
gain reduction (bright areas are “clipping areas”, i.e. signal peaks are radically cut off, dark areas show the
effect of the program limiter). The limiter is activated when the adjusted threshold is exceeded for more than 20
ms, so as to limit audible clipping to a very short moment. About 1 s after the signals has dropped below the
threshold again, the reduction is set to 0 dB, so that input and output signals are identical again (unity gain).
5.3.1 Initial Settings For The Peak Limiter Section
Control
Setting
OFF
THRESHOLD control
Tab. 5.3: Initial settings for the peak limiter section
The THRESHOLD control of the Peak Limiter sets the threshold level, so that subsequent units are protected
from overloading. If the LIM comes on regularly or is on constantly, the OUTPUT control of the compressor
section must be turned down, as this control sets the level of the signal, which is routed to the Peak Limiter
section.
If this technique leads to an undesired drop in the overall level, it is recommended that you increase the
compression: either, reduce the threshold level, or increase the compression ratio with the RATIO control. The
OUTPUT control will compensate for a renewed drop in level.
5. APPLICATIONS
19
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
6. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
6.1 Using The MULTICOM PRO For Recording And Cassette Duplication
In the recording and duplication field the goal should always be to achieve an optimum recording level onto the
recording media. Too low or too high recording levels lead to side effects such as noise, distortion etc. In
mastering and multitrack recording, as well as in duplication, one should always take care to utilize the full
dynamic range of the tape recorder, DAT recorder etc. Principally, it is possible to control the recording level by
“riding” faders, which means with low level signals, the gain is increased, whereas the amplitude of high level
signal is reduced. It is obvious that this method is insufficient because, especially in live recordings, the
expected signal levels cannot be anticipated correctly. Especially with multitrack recordings, which are run
under hectic circumstances, the signal level of all channels cannot be monitored and controlled at the same
time. Generally, with manual control, it is not possible to achieve satisfying recording results.
An automatic gain control system achieves better and more constant results. Use the MULTICOM PRO by
starting with the initial settings, and use its dynamic control functions in order to be able to drive an analogue,
as well as a digital recording, up to the limit of its maximum dynamic range while remaining noise- and
distortion-free.
6.1.1 The MULTICOM PRO In Digital Recording And Sampling
In an analogue recording, too low recording levels lead to an increased noise level, whereas too high levels will
cause a compressed and “squashed” sound. In extreme cases, it will cause distortion due to tape saturation.
In contrast to analogue, side effects in the digital field always become extremely audible: with decreasing level,
a tape previously recorded with insufficient level loses resolution: the recording sounds “hard“ and loses
“atmosphere”. With excessive level, the recording sounds harsh and heavily distorted. In order to avoid these
effects, the Peak Limiter section of the MULTICOM PRO should be placed before for example a sampler. As a
result of this process, a digital recording or a sampling event can be optimally set in level without any problem.
6.1.2 The MULTICOM PRO In Mastering
The mastering process is one of the most critical processing steps in recording. In this production step, it is
the goal to achieve a “maximum level” copy of the recording, without any noise or distortion. In many
applications it is further required to produce a high average volume. In the field of commercial media for exam-
ple, this is apparent especially with records and cassettes which are processed with high average volumes.
Quite often in these cases, dynamics suffer drastically, because the program material has been compressed
and limited too heavily. Using the compressor and the Peak Limiter section of the MULTICOM PRO allows you
to drastically increase the overall volume, without audibly affecting the dynamics.
Proceed as follows:
1. Limit the dynamics of the program material by 6 dB using the Peak Limiter section. By softly clipping just
the transients, the real audio signal will not be limited, resulting in a higher headroom. The overall gain can
now be increased by 6 dB, which leads to a higher volume. More than 6 dB should not be limited, otherwise
side effects could become audible.
2. Therefore, in addition, you should also use compression. It is recommended that the compression is limited
to the “first” 6 dB of the dynamic range only. A high threshold level in addition to the auto mode will give good
results.
This effect is particularly noticeable with DAT recorders, whose level indicators achieve a response time of less
than 1 ms. Set the DAT recorder at unity and now reduce the LEVEL control of the peak limiter until the LIM
LED starts to illuminate. The “cut” signal peaks cause a reduced recording level of about 6 dB, which is visible
on the level indicators of the DAT recorder. Now increase the recording level of the recorder back to unity. The
result is a clearly louder recording without any loss of sound.
6.2 The MULTICOM PRO as a protective device
Sound system distortion is usually a result of amplifiers and loudspeakers being driven beyond their limitations
by signals clipping. The signal limitations that occur lead to unpleasant distortion that is dangerous to the speakers.
20
6. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
A speaker diaphragm is required to accelerate, slow down, smoothly change direction and accelerate again in
normal operation. Distorted operation (clipping) leads to instant acceleration, instant stop, change of direction
and instant acceleration again. Since speaker diaphragms are subject to the laws of physics, they will not take
this kind of punishment for long: the diaphragm will either break up or its voice coil may overheat.
In addition to the damage caused by sustained overload, the speaker may also be damaged by an occasional
high level overload, e.g. the sound of a microphone falling onto a hard floor. Even if this type of transient does
not destroy a speaker outright, it may damage the speaker surround in such a way, as to cause mechanical
abrasion and future failure. It is recommended that you use the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO in order to
protect the speaker. “Brick Wall” peak limiters are not normally necessary for PA systems, as amplifiers and
loudspeakers are tolerant of short signal peaks.
Nevertheless, conventional limiters have to be generally driven far beyond the headroom limit of an amplifier, in
order to limit the level and length of the transients responsible for overloading the system. The disadvantage of
this principle is that the unit’s full range cannot be completely used. If an increase in the average level of up to
3 dB is attained with the MULTICOM PROs IGC Peak Limiter, this means that you effectively double the power
amplification. The MULTICOM PRO can act in this way to convert a PA system of 5,000 Watts into a distortion
free 10,000 Watts system. The following instructions will help you to integrate the unit into your system.
6.2.1 Protection Of A System With A Passive Crossover
If your sound system incorporates a passive crossover network (included in the loudspeaker case), insert the
BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO between your mixing console output and the power amplifier input. It is used as
the last link in the chain preceding the power amp. Thus, you can effectively avoid the “technical knockout” of
the midrange/tweeter range caused by high-energy bass signals! This statement, as paradox as it may seem
at first, can be explained with the fact that especially low-frequency signals with high amplitudes can overload
the power supplies in the amplifier(s). The resulting clipping (cutting off of signal peaks) produces high-energy
distortion (upper harmonics), which is abruptly added to the midrange/tweeter signals. For this reason, “weak”
power amps, in particular, must be protected by a limiter in their “input dynamics”.
6.2.2 Protection Of A System With An Active Crossover
For systems using active crossovers, there are two ways to use the BEHRINGER MULTICOM PRO. The unit
may be inserted between the console output and the crossover input. In this application, the BEHRINGER
MULTICOM PRO will process the entire audio frequency spectrum.
Alternately, the MULTICOM PRO can be inserted between the output of an active crossover and the input of a
power amplifier. In this application it will only affect a specific range of frequencies. This application is
particularly suited to protect the most fragile components of a multi-way speaker system against harmful
signal peaks. For example, when your tweeters keep on going up in smoke all the time, the entire system
should be operated at lower sound pressure levels or the tweeters should be replaced by other models. Using
the MULTICOM PRO in the corresponding tweeter band avoids overloading and thus damage to the speakers.
6.2.3 Improving The Sound Of A Processor System
A processor system is understood as a PA system which contains a special active crossover whose outputs
are linked via separated power amplifiers to the loudspeakers. Each band has its own limiter whose task it is
to limit dangerous signal peaks to a certain level. This process avoids overloading the subsequent power
amplifier or destruction of the loudspeaker.
In some units, the crossover frequencies in the crossover unit are further changed during high signal levels to
achieve a “loudness contour” suited to the human hearing. But in many cases, this function leads more to a
disturbance than to an improvement of the sound quality.
If the MULTICOM PRO is preceding this system, the signal peaks can be eliminated before they reach the
limiters of the processing system. The sound quality therefore remains natural and free of side effects caused
by the changing frequencies of the crossover.
6. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
21
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
6.3The MULTICOM PRO In Broadcast
The main aim of processing sound recordings for commercial radio and television is to achieve a maximum
transmission volume at all costs. Owners of these radio and television stations strive to get bigger audience
ratings, because principally, radio programs whose reception is louder than the average are preferred by the
listener. By achieving a bigger audience, the broadcast station gains more money from the increasing number
of promotion companies placing adverts.
What is volume?
Volume is defined as the relationship between the average level of program material to peak-to-peak level, in
response to amplitude and duration. The higher the average level and the time it remains at a high level, the
louder the program material will be perceived by the listener.
If you want to run your broadcast station at maximum average volume, proceed as mentioned in chapter 6.1.2
“The MULTICOM PRO In Mastering”. Please make sure that the maximum peak level is below the threshold of
the transmitter’s limiter, otherwise this could lead to very hard and audible use of the transmisson limiters.
Keep in mind that a heavy increase in average volume by means of compression always leads to a loss in
dynamics and an increased perception of side effects. The moderate use of the compressor and the Peak
Limiter sections of the MULTICOM PRO result in higher average volumes, free of distortion.
22
6. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
7. SPECIFICATIONS
AUDIO INPUT
Connectors
XLR and 1/4" jack
Type
Impedance
Nominal Operating Level
Max. Input Level
CMRR
RF filtered, servo-balanced input
50 kOhm balanced, 25 kOhm unbalanced
+4 dBu/-10 dBV switchable
+21 dBu balanced and unbalanced
typ. 40 dB, >55 dB @ 1 kHz
AUDIO OUTPUT
Connectors
Type
XLR and 1/4" jack
Electronically servo-balanced output stage
(optional transformer-balanced).
Impedance
Max. Output Level
60 Ohms balanced, 30 Ohm unbalanced
+21 dBu, +20 dBm balanced and unbalanced
SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
Bandwidth
20 Hz to 20 kHz, +0/-0.5 dB
Frequency Response
Noise
0.35 Hz to 200 kHz, +0/-3 dB
>-95 dBu, unweighted, 22 Hz to 22 kHz
THD0.008
%
typ.
@
0.04 % typ. @ +20 dBu, 1 kHz, Gain 1
IMD0.01
%
typ.
SMPTE
Crosstalk
Stereo Coupling
<-100 dB, 22 Hz to 22 kHz
True RMS detection
COMPRESSOR SECTION
Type
IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) Compressor
variable (-40 dB to +20 dB)
Threshold
Ratio
variable (1:1 to oo:1)
Threshold characteristics
Auto characteristics
Auto Attack Time
Auto Release Time
Output
variable (Interactive or Hard Knee)
Wave Adaptive Compressor
typ. 15 ms at 10 dB, 5 ms at 20 dB, 3 ms at 30 dB
program dependent, typ. 125 dB/s
variable (-20 to +20 dB)
PEAK LIMITER SECTION
Type
IGC (Interactive Gain Control) Peak Limiter
Threshold
variable (+4 dB to OFF (+22 dBu))
Ratio
oo:1
Stage 1 Limiter Type
Attack
Clipper
“zero”
Release
“zero”
Stage 2 Limiter Type
Attack
Release
Program Limiter
program dependent, typ. < 5 ms
program dependent, typ. 20 dB/s
FUNCTION SWITCHES
INTERACTIVE
CONTOUR
Enables the “Interactive KneeAdaptation” characteristics.
Allows for frequency dependent detection.
Switches between input and output for the Level Meter.
Bypass switch.
I/O METER
IN/OUT
OPERATING LEVEL
COUPLE
Changes the internal reference level from +4 dBu to -10 dBV.
Linking channels 1&2 or 3&4 for stereo operation. Channel 1 (or 3)
becomes master.
7. SPECIFICATIONS
23
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
INDICATORS
GAIN REDUCTION
8 element LED display: 1/3/6/10/15/20/25/30 dB
8 element LED display: -24/-18/-12/-6/0/+6/+12/+18 dB
1 LED for Indication of Limiter function
LED indicator for each
INPUT/OUTPUT LEVEL
Peak Limiter Threshold
Function switch
POWER SUPPLY
Mains Voltages
USA/Canada
U.K./Australia
Europe
120 V ~, 60 Hz
240 V ~, 50 Hz
230 V ~, 50 Hz
General Export Model
100 - 120 V ~, 200 - 240 V ~, 50 - 60 Hz
Fuse
100 - 120 V ~: T 630 mA H
200 - 240 V ~: T 315 mA H
max. 32 W
Power Consumption
Mains Connection
Standard IEC receptacle
PHYSICAL
Dimension
1 3/4" (44.5 mm) * 19" (482.6 mm) * 8 1/2" (217 mm)
Net Weight
Shipping Weight
2.2 kg
3.4 kg
BEHRINGER is constantly striving to maintain the highest professional standards. As a result of these efforts, modifications may be
made from time to time to existing products without prior notice. Specifications and appearance may differ from those listed or illustrated.
24
7. SPECIFICATIONS
MULTICOM PRO MDX4400
8. WARRANTY
§ 1 WARRANTY CARD/ONLINE REGISTRATION
To be protected by the extended warranty, the buyer must com-
plete and return the enclosed warranty card within 14 days of
the date of purchase to BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik
GmbH, in accordance with the conditions stipulated in § 3. Fail-
ure to return the card in due time (date as per postmark) will void
any extended warranty claims.
3. Free inspections and maintenance/repair work are expressly
excluded from this warranty, in particular, if caused by improper
handling of the product by the user.
This also applies to defects caused by normal wear and tear, in
particular, of faders, potentiometers, keys/buttons and similar
parts.
Based on the conditions herein, the buyer may also choose to
use the online registration option via the Internet
4. Damages/defects caused by the following conditions are not
covered by this warranty:
s misuse, neglect or failure to operate the unit in compliance
with the instructions given in BEHRINGER user or service
manuals.
§ 2 WARRANTY
1. BEHRINGER (BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH in-
cluding all BEHRINGER subsidiaries listed on the enclosed page,
except BEHRINGER Japan) warrants the mechanical and elec-
tronic components of this product to be free of defects in mate-
rial and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
original date of purchase, in accordance with the warranty regu-
lations described below. If the product shows any defects within
the specified warranty period that are not due to normal wear
and tear and/or improper handling by the user, BEHRINGER shall,
at its sole discretion, either repair or replace the product.
s connection or operation of the unit in any way that does not
comply with the technical or safety regulations applicable in
the country where the product is used.
s damages/defects caused by force majeure or any other
condition that is beyond the control of BEHRINGER.
5. Any repair or opening of the unit carried out by unauthorized
personnel (user included) will void the warranty.
6. If an inspection of the product by BEHRINGER shows that the
defect in question is not covered by the warranty, the inspection
costs are payable by the customer.
2. If the warranty claim proves to be justified, the product will be
returned to the user freight prepaid.
3. Warranty claims other than those indicated above are ex-
pressly excluded.
7. Products which do not meet the terms of this warranty will be
repaired exclusively at the buyer’s expense. BEHRINGER will
inform the buyer of any such circumstance. If the buyer fails to
submit a written repair order within 6 weeks after notification,
BEHRINGER will return the unit C.O.D. with a separate invoice
for freight and packing. Such costs will also be invoiced sepa-
rately when the buyer has sent in a written repair order.
§ 3 RETURN AUTHORIZATION NUMBER
1. To obtain warranty service, the buyer (or his authorized dealer)
must call BEHRINGER (see enclosed list) during normal business
hours BEFORE returning the product. All inquiries must be ac-
companied by a description of the problem. BEHRINGER will then
issue a return authorization number.
§ 5 WARRANTY TRANSFERABILITY
2. Subsequently, the product must be returned in its original
shipping carton, together with the return authorization number to
the address indicated by BEHRINGER.
This warranty is extended exclusively to the original buyer (cus-
tomer of retail dealer) and is not transferable to anyone who
may subsequently purchase this product. No other person (re-
tail dealer, etc.) shall be entitled to give any warranty promise on
behalf of BEHRINGER.
3. Shipments without freight prepaid will not be accepted.
§ 4 WARRANTY REGULATIONS
§ 6 CLAIM FOR DAMAGES
1. Warranty services will be furnished only if the product is
accompanied by a copy of the original retail dealer’s invoice.
Any product deemed eligible for repair or replacement by
BEHRINGER under the terms of this warranty will be repaired or
replaced within 30 days of receipt of the product at BEHRINGER.
Failure of BEHRINGER to provide proper warranty service shall
not entitle the buyer to claim (consequential) damages. In no
event shall the liability of BEHRINGER exceed the invoiced value
of the product.
§ 7 OTHER WARRANTY RIGHTS AND NATIONAL LAW
2. If the product needs to be modified or adapted in order to
comply with applicable technical or safety standards on a na-
tional or local level, in any country which is not the country for
which the product was originally developed and manufactured,
this modification/adaptation shall not be considered a defect in
materials or workmanship. The warranty does not cover any
such modification/adaptation, irrespective of whether it was
carried out properly or not. Under the terms of this warranty,
BEHRINGER shall not be held responsible for any cost resulting
from such a modification/adaptation.
1. This warranty does not exclude or limit the buyer’s statutory
rights provided by national law, in particular, any such rights
against the seller that arise from a legally effective purchase
contract.
2. The warranty regulations mentioned herein are applicable
unless they constitute an infringement of national warranty law.
The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. No part of this manual may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording of any kind, for any
purpose, without the express written permission of BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH.
BEHRINGER and MULITCOM are registered trademarks.
ALLRIGHTS RESERVED. © 2001 BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH.
BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH, Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Str. 36-38, 47877 Willich-Münchheide II, Germany
Tel. +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-0, Fax +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-30
8. WARRANTY
25
|